The climate in Burgundy and elsewhere, from the fourteenth to the twentieth century
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel ; Daux, Valérie
This paper reviews the climatic history of northern France from the grape harvest dates of the Burgundian vineyards. The grape harvest date is constrained by the mean surface air temperature during the growing season (April-August). At the start of the grape harvest dates series - during the 1380s and from 1415 to 1435 - the tendency is towards early harvest dates and warmer conditions, starvation due to crop scorching in 1420 included. During the second half of the 'Quattrocento', there are later harvest dates and cooler springs/summers, exemplified by the 1481 famine, due to rain and cold. The 1500s, 20s, 30s and 50s are characterised by blasts of warmer summers. The 'midsummer night's dream' (1596/7) can turn into a nightmare ... Then, a cold 'long seventeenth century'? This is quite pronounced from 1570 to 1630, with, however, a slight improvement around 1600-20. Major waves of hot summers were experienced during the 1630s, 60s and 80s. Is the Maunder minimum, between 1645 and 1715, responsible for a slight, synchronous, cooling? In this case, it would be mainly the Late Maunder Minimum (1675-1715), with the chill of 1675, the 1690s and 1709-1715. Then the great warming of the eighteenth century: the years 1704-07, 1718/9, the 1720s and 30s, 1757-65, the 1780s and above all 1778-81 all favour this interpretation, though we must not forget the cold, wet years 1725, 1740 and 1770. The years 1812-17 are not only snowy but also globally cold (due to the Tambora eruption in 1815 and the Dalton minimum?). And then there is the 1846 heatwave, so harmful to cereals. The Little Ice Age ends in 1860, with no return up to the present, the twentieth century warming from 1900, with an intensification of the phenomenon from 1976 and particularly the 1990s.
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