The BIOMASP+ Project on Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges and Their Role in Air Pollution in the Subtropical Megacity of São Paulo: Motivations, Methods, and Preliminary Observations
Le projet BIOMASP+ sur les échanges biosphère-atmosphère et leur rôle dans la pollution atmosphérique de la mégapole subtropicale de São Paulo : motivations, méthodes et observations préliminaires
Borbon, Agnès ; Fornaro, Adalgiza ; Oliveira, Amauri P. ; Souza, Silvia R. ; Brito, Joel F. de ; Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc ; Staudt, Michael ; Ynoue, Rita Y. ; Codato, Georgia ; Sánchez, Maciel P. ; Silveira, Lucas C. ; Rizzo, Luciana ; Anselmo-Moreira, Fernanda ; Brugère, Etienne ; Fombelle, Pauline ; Rocco, Manon ; Domingues, Leonardo ; Carbone, Samara ; Catharino, Eduardo L. M. ; Colomb, Aurélie ; Florêncio, Jacques ; Gandolfo, A. ; Jamar, Marina ; Kempf, J. ; Nascimento, Alex ; Murana, Olatunde ; Petit, Jean-Eudes ; Zacharias, Daniel C. ; Wu, Junteng ; Albinet, Alexandre ; Araújo, Hugo H. ; Baray, Jean-Luc ; Bertrand, Marie ; Campos, Maria L. A. M. ; Chiari, Lucas ; Crouzet, Armelle ; Dominutti, Pamela A. ; Dusanter, Sébastien ; Furlan, Cláudia Maria ; Costa, Bruno Ruiz Brandão da ; Lopez, Morgan ; Martins, Jean ; Martins, Tarcísio F. ; Mazzei, Kátia ; Meireles, Camila S. ; Moreira, Gregori A. ; Landulfo, Eduardo ; Filho, Edson P. Marques ; Ramonet, Michel ; Riffault, Véronique ; Santos, Ávila B. ; Paim, Bruna L. ; Silva, Luzimar C. ; Soares, Graciele D. D. ; Uzu, Gaëlle ; Xian, Weixin
Année de publication
2026
Air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the result of a complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic emissions and their atmospheric processing. It causes millions of premature deaths worldwide and affects plant metabolism, which in turn alters the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) by plants. By taking the subtropical Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) as a natural laboratory, the biosphere-atmosphere interactions in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo-plus (BIOMASP+) project aims to evaluate the interplay between the biosphere and secondary pollution [ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aging]. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) is the target ecosystem, as it is the fifth biodiversity hotspot in the world. Here, we present the scientific motivations of the project, its methodology, and the preliminary observations from the special observation periods of year 2023 (SOP1, 2, 3, and 4). BIOMASP+ is (i) integrative, by combining in situ/remote/laboratory observations and modeling, (ii) multidisciplinary, addressing micrometeorology, urban climate, atmospheric chemistry, and biology. The project involves multiple nested scales: from leaf- to above-canopy levels, from very short time (ms) to multiyear scales, and from a few millimeters (turbulence scale) to the synoptic scale. In particular, the experimental effort relies on the implementation of two contrasting supersites (primary forest and urban forest) with a 30- and 20-m flux towers, respectively, and a variety of state-of-the-art instruments. Ambient observations and the quantification of BVOC emissions have highlighted the complex interactions between meteorology, atmospheric composition of pollution, biogenic emissions of representative remnants of the Atlantic Forest, and anthropogenic emissions. Significance Statement The purpose of the biosphere-atmosphere interactions in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo-plus (BIOMASP+) project is to understand the interactions between the biosphere and urban pollution in a multidisciplinary way. It is an important topic in an era of decarbonization and a warming climate expected to enhance emissions from vegetation. The project is based on an experimental effort in the subtropical megacity of São Paulo, Brazil, combining state-of-the-art instrumentation for gas and particle properties, biogenic emission chambers, a photochemical reactor, and micrometeorology flux towers. The special observation period (SOP) of April-July 2023 confirmed the complex coupling between air pollution and meteorology, as well as the combined effect of both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on the atmospheric composition, even in the surrounding forested areas.</div>
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